离心式喷嘴液膜破碎过程实验

为了研究离心式喷嘴出口液膜破碎以及雾化锥角变化规律,对直径2.5~6 mm之间6个不同直径、不同几何特性参数的离心式喷嘴运用高速阴影设备进行实验,喷注压降从0.1~3 MPa,每次实验间隔0.2 MPa。通过实验,得到液膜破碎长度、液膜锥角随喷注压降、喷孔直径以及几何特性参数的变化规律。随着喷注压降的增加,液膜破碎长度减小,液膜锥角增大,该种类型喷嘴破碎长度在40 mm左右,液膜锥角不大于60°;随着几何特性参数A值增加,同一喷注压降下的液膜破碎长度增大,液膜锥角增加;将液膜锥角实验结果与Abromvich,Lefebvre等理论公式进行了比较,在常用的喷嘴特性参数范围内,液膜锥角的变化趋势与理论公式相吻合,但实验值远小于公式计算值。     

共轴刚性旋翼直升机桨毂阻力特性试验

共轴刚性旋翼直升机在突破常规直升机前飞速度极限的同时会产生巨大的桨毂阻力。为研究共轴刚性旋翼直升机桨毂的阻力特性,采用天平测力的方式在1.4m×1.4m直流风洞中对不同的共轴双桨毂组合模型进行了风洞试验。试验状态变量包括桨毂转速、模型各部件间缝隙和不同整流模型组合。试验结果表明:共轴双桨毂试验模型的阻力受对称光滑桨毂旋转运动的影响基本可忽略;各整流部件间缝隙对模型所受阻力影响较大,大缝隙会使试验模型阻力增大;各整流部件分离尾流存在较大的气动干扰,使模型所受阻力明显增加。     

共轴高速直升机振动载荷计算分析模型

共轴高速直升机上下旋翼之间存在强烈的气动干扰现象,这对旋翼的气动特性影响较大。本文根据这一特点并考虑气弹耦合计算效率,利用单旋翼自由尾迹模型的尾迹几何和固定尾迹计算的初始诱导速度分布作为共轴双旋翼预定尾迹模型的初始迭代值。与Leishman-Beddoes非定常动态失速模型、Pitt-Peters动态入流模型、共轴直升机上下旋翼桨叶全本征动力学方程及弹性桨叶与变距轴承边界约束条件等计算模块相结合,建立了一种考虑上下旋翼之间气动干扰及耦合迭代的共轴双旋翼振动载荷计算模型。为验证本分析模型的计算精度,以西科斯基公司的验证机XH-59A为研究对象,与国外风洞试验结果进行了对比,两者吻合较好。     

共轴刚性旋翼桨毂减阻优化设计方法

针对共轴刚性旋翼桨毂阻力全机占比较大的特征,开展桨毂减阻优化设计方法研究。首先分析了共轴刚性旋翼桨毂外形特点,确定减阻整流罩基本型式,建立了减阻整流罩参数化模型。分析了整流罩参数对桨毂阻力的影响,进行参数样本选取。在此基础上建立代理模型,采用优化算法求解代理模型进行参数优化设计,最终建立了适用于共轴刚性旋翼桨毂的减阻优化设计方法。通过计算流体力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)计算结果、试验结果以及优化结果对比验证,结果相差小于2%,说明了建立的共轴刚性旋翼桨毂减阻优化设计方法有效、可信。     

桨尖间隙和双桨间距对涵道螺旋桨气动性能的影响

采用基于非结构网格的滑移网格技术,对悬停状态下涵道螺旋桨流场进行了非定常Euler方程数值模拟,分别考查了桨尖间隙和双桨间距对涵道螺旋桨气动性能的影响.桨尖间隙比的变化范围取为0~1.37%,双桨间距变化范围取为0.25~0.65倍的桨叶半径.研究发现:随着桨尖间隙增大,涵道螺旋桨拉力降低,功率载荷减小;桨尖间隙比存在一个临界值,约为1.10%,在该值附近,桨尖泄漏涡显著增强,引起涵道和螺旋桨的拉力分配关系剧烈变化,涵道拉力占总拉力的比值下降10.27%,系统气动性能迅速恶化;大间隙下桨尖泄漏流表现出较强的非定常现象.增大双桨间距可以提高共轴双桨涵道的气动效率,但是因为涵道对螺旋桨滑流的改善作用,这种影响并不显著,气动力的相对变化量在3%以内.     

基于交叉射流与切向旋流的CH_4柔和燃烧特性对比

轴向分级柔和燃烧器中,采用了交叉射流、切向旋流两种掺混方式,通过实验结合数值计算的方法,从流场和组分分布角度比较了两种掺混方式的掺混特点,从火焰特征、NO/CO排放方面比较了燃烧性能.实验以甲烷为燃料,热功率为16.2~25.9kW,相对切向旋流,交叉射流延缓了燃料、空气的直接混合,燃料、空气燃烧前经回流烟气充分预热和稀释,火焰根部有抬升,反应区体积大,火焰特征更接近柔和燃烧.同时,交叉射流分级燃烧器的污染物排放性能更优,回流比例为0.5、当量比为0.6时,烟气中NO和CO体积分数均仅为4×10-6.     

Experimental study of hydrogen-rich/oxygen-rich gas-gas injectors

Five types of coaxial injectors were investigated experimentally using hot hydrogen-rich gas and oxygen-rich gas, which were respectively provided by a GH2/GO2 hydrogen-rich perburner and a GH2/GO2 oxygen-rich preburner. The injectors were the shear coaxial injector, the oxidizer post expansion coaxial injector, the fuel impinging coaxial injector, the central body coaxial injector, and the shear tri-coaxial injector. The characteristic velocity efficiency and the combustor＇s wall temperatures were obtained for different design parameters through the experiments. It can be con- cluded that angles of the oxidizer post expansion and the fuel impinging have little influence on the combustion performance and the wall temperatures. The contact area between fuel and oxidizer and the mass flow rate have significant impacts on the combustion performance. The shear tri-coaxial injector has the best combustion performance but also the highest wall temperatures among the five types of injectors.     

A high-fidelity design methodology using LES-based simulation and POD-based emulation: A case study of swirl injectors

Engineering design is undergoing a paradigm shift from design for performance to design for affordability, operability, and durability, seeking multi-objective optimization. To facilitate this transformation, significantly extended design freedom and knowledge must be available in the early design stages. This paper presents a high-fidelity framework for design and optimization of the liquid swirl injectors that are widely used in aerospace propulsion and power-generation systems. The framework assembles a set of techniques, including Design Of Experiment (DOE), high-fidelity Large Eddy Simulations (LES), machine learning, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD)-based Kriging surrogate modeling (emulation), inverse problem optimization, and uncertainty quantification. LES-based simulations can reveal detailed spatiotemporal evolution of flow structures and flame dynamics in a high-fidelity manner, and identify important injector design parameters according to their effects on propellant mixing, flame stabilization, and thermal protection. For a given a space of design parameters, DOE determines the number of design points to perform LES-based simulations. POD-based emulations, trained by the LES database, can effectively explore the design space and deduce an optimal group of design parameters in a turn-around time that is reduced by three orders of magnitude. The accuracy of the emulated results is validated, and the uncertainty of prediction is quantified. The proposed design methodology is expected to profoundly extend the knowledge base and reduce the cost for initial design stages.     

双级轴向旋流杯气量比对雾化性能影响的试验

为探索小状态下改善雾化性能的途径,从调节旋流杯气量分配的角度出发,对不同一、二级气量比的双级轴向旋流杯开展了试验研究,获得了气量比对液滴平均直径、液滴尺寸分布指数以及喷雾锥角的影响规律。试验结果表明:气量比的增大不仅降低液滴平均直径,而且使得旋流杯在较宽的供油压差范围内都具有良好的雾化品质,可实现小状态下雾化性能的改善。旋流杯喷雾锥角随气量比的增大而增大,随供油压差的增大而增大并逐渐趋于稳定。旋流杯总气量恒定时,气量比接近1时的综合雾化性能最佳。      

针栓式喷注单元雾化角模型分析

为了实现不同径向孔形的针栓式喷注器雾化角的准确预测，从动量守恒方程出发建立了液膜撞击液膜和液膜撞击液束的雾化角理论修正模型。对于液膜撞击液膜的喷注单元，模型中通过理论推导引入了2个变形因子，将撞击的几何变形效应与雾化角关联；对于液膜撞击液束，通过引入阻塞率定义有效撞击动量比，同时将液束入口孔形的影响隐含考虑在变形因子中，最后根据高速摄影试验结果和数值仿真结果获得了对应的变形因子组合系数，使得新的雾化角模型适应性更广、准确性更高。结果表明：引入变形因子和阻塞率的理论模型预测值与试验及数值仿真结果吻合很好；对于液膜撞击液膜，变形因子基本维持在0.9~1.1，根据试验结果及仿真结果，变形因子推荐值为C₁=0.99和C₂=1.06；对于液膜撞击液束，变形因子推荐值为C₁=0.75和C₂=1.25。该模型根据实际出口的轴向动量和合成总动量计算雾化角，隐含考虑了撞击作用造成的影响，较根据撞击前入口的轴向动量和合成总动量计算雾化角的常用模型预测值准确度显著提高，为针栓式喷注器的理论研究和工程设计提供了重要参考。